Mastering 'That' vs 'Which' in English Writing

Understanding the Use of 'That' and 'Which'

The English language often presents challenges, especially when it comes to the correct use of relative pronouns like "that" and "which." These words are essential in forming relative clauses, which provide additional information about a noun without starting a new sentence. Understanding when to use "that" and "which" can significantly enhance the clarity and precision of your writing.

The Basics of Relative Clauses

Relative clauses are used to modify a noun and are introduced by relative pronouns such as "who," "whom," "whose," "which," and "that." These clauses can be either defining or non-defining, each serving a distinct purpose in a sentence.

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses provide essential information about the noun they modify. Without this information, the meaning of the sentence would be incomplete. For example:

• Example: The book that you gave me was fascinating.
• Here, "that you gave me" is a defining relative clause that specifies which book is being referred to.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses, on the other hand, add extra information about a noun, which is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. These clauses are usually set off by commas:

• Example: My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us next week.
• The clause "who lives in New York" adds additional information about "my brother" but is not necessary to identify him.

When to Use 'That'

The word "that" is primarily used in defining relative clauses. It introduces essential information that defines the noun, helping to clarify which specific person or thing is being talked about. Consider the following examples:

• Example: The car that is parked outside is mine.
• In this sentence, "that is parked outside" defines which car is being referred to.

When to Use 'Which'

"Which" is generally used in non-defining relative clauses, where the information provided is supplementary. However, it can also be used in defining clauses, especially in British English. Here are some examples:

• Example: The proposal, which was submitted last week, has been approved.
• Here, "which was submitted last week" provides additional information about the proposal but does not define it.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

One common mistake is using "which" in place of "that" in defining relative clauses. This can lead to confusion, as "which" often implies that the information is non-essential. To avoid this, remember:

• Use "that" for necessary information (defining).
• Use "which" for additional, non-essential information (non-defining).

Frequently Asked Questions

Can 'which' be used in defining clauses?

Yes, "which" can be used in defining clauses, particularly in British English. However, "that" is more commonly used in American English for defining clauses.

Is it ever correct to omit the relative pronoun?

In some cases, especially in informal English, the relative pronoun can be omitted in defining clauses when it is the object of the clause. For example, "The book you gave me was fascinating" is acceptable.

Exercises to Practice

Exercise 1: Identify the Clause

Determine whether the following sentences contain defining or non-defining relative clauses:

1. The man who called yesterday is my uncle.
2. My car, which I bought last year, is very reliable.
3. The house that Jack built is on the hill.

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentences using "that" or "which":

1. The movie ____ we watched was thrilling.
2. The documents, ____ were on the table, have been moved.
3. The cake ____ she baked was delicious.

Conclusion

Mastering the use of "that" and "which" in relative clauses is crucial for clear and precise communication. By understanding the differences between defining and non-defining clauses, you can enhance your writing and avoid common grammatical errors. Practice regularly, and soon these distinctions will become second nature.